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| palmn , papm , pqalm , pawlm , poalm , aplm , paln |
PalmPalm (PDA)
The Palm corporation produces a number of Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) which run the Palm operating system. This page describes the range of Palm devices, from the first generation of Palm machines known as the Pilot through to the latest models.
Loders Croklaan’s long history and expertise in specialty oils began in the 1800s with two separate companies; the Dutch Crok and Laan, and the British Loders & Nucoline. Crok and Laan’s early specialty was linseed oil but, over the years, expanded into oils and fats for the soap, margarine and biscuit industries. After the Second World War, the company worked intensively on developing specialty fats to replace expensive cocoa butter, and fats to use in consumer margarine products. In 1950, Loders invented the first vegetable fat that was compatible with cocoa butter for confectionery and baking applications.
Loders & Nucoline began processing vegetable oils and fats for the biscuit and confectionery trades in the United Kingdom in 1887, and also grew to become a great innovator in the field. Coconut stearine was the first of Loder’s many ‘specialties’. Another milestone was the introduction of Cocoa Butter Equivalents (CBEs) in the mid-1950s, and the related solvent fractionation process, which was unique to Loders & Nucoline for many years. A gradual integration of the companies’ activities eventually led to their full amalgamation in 1987 as Loders Croklaan.
Since then, Loders Croklaan has gone from strength to strength, winning twice the prestigious FIE Award for the most innovative ingredient and making many technological breakthroughs.
In 2002, Loders Croklaan became part of IOI Corporation Berhad of Malaysia. The takeover created considerable new synergies, and IOI Loders Croklaan is now focusing its expertise and experience in lipid solutions on palm oil. In 2004, IOI Loders Croklaan announced the construction of Europe’s largest palm oil processing plant in Rotterdam. With the purchase of the Malaysian palm oil specialties company, Soctek, in 2004, IOI Loders Croklaan has consolidated its position at the cutting edge of the expanding palm ingredients market.
Pilot was the name of the first generation of personal digital assistants manufactured by Palm Computing in 1996 (then a division of U.S. Robotics).
The first two generations of PDAs from Palm were referred to as PalmPilots. Due to a trademark infringement lawsuit brought by the Pilot Pen Corporation, since 1998 [1] handheld devices from Palm have been known as Palm Connected Organizers or more commonly as "Palms". "PalmPilot" has entered the vernacular as a synonym for PDAs, regardless of the brand.
The inventors of the Pilot were Jeff Hawkins, Donna Dubinsky, and Ed Colligan, who founded Palm Computing. The original purpose of this company was to create handwriting recognition software for other devices, named Graffiti, but their research convinced them they could create better hardware as well. Before starting development of the Pilot, Hawkins is said to have carried a block of wood, the size of the potential pilot, in his pocket for a week. Palm was widely perceived to have benefited from the notable if ill-fated earlier attempts to create a popular handheld computing platform by Go Corporation and Apple Computer.
The first Palms, the Pilot 1000 and Pilot 5000, had no infrared port, backlight, or flash memory, but did have a serial communications port. Their RAM size was 128 kB and 512 kB respectively, and they used version 1 of Palm OS. Later, it became possible to upgrade the Pilot 1000 or 5000's internals to up to 1 MB of internal RAM. This was done with the purchase of an upgrade module sold by Palm, and the replacement of some internal hardware components. Originally, it was conceived that all Palm PDAs were to be hardware-upgradeable to an extent, but ultimately, this capability gave way to external memory slots and firmware-upgradeable flash memory after the Palm III series.
The next couple of Palms, called PalmPilot Personal and PalmPilot Professional, had a backlight, but still no infrared port or flash memory. Their RAM size was 512 kB and 1024 kB respectively. They used the more advanced version 2 of the Palm OS.
Palm III, and all the following Palms, did not have the word "Pilot" in their name due to legal disputes. (Pilot was, and still is, a registered trademark for pens.) Palm III had an IR port, backlight, and flash memory. The latter allowed to upgrade Palm OS, or, with some external applications, to store programs or data in flash memory. It ran on two standard AAA batteries. Replacement of batteries did not erase data, because for 10-15 minutes it was able to retain enough energy to prevent data from erasing. It had 2 Megabytes of memory, which was huge for the time, and used Palm OS 3. (Palm also produced an upgrade card for the Pilot series, which made them functionally equivalent to a Palm III.)
Meanwhile, with Palm Computing now a subsidiary of 3Com, the founders felt they had insufficient control over the development of the Palm product. As a result, they left 3Com and founded Handspring in June 1998. When they left Palm, Hawkins secured a license for the Palm OS for Handspring, and the company became the first Palm OS licensee. Handspring went on to produce the Handspring Visor, a clone of the Palm handhelds that included a hardware expansion slot (early Palm devices also had a hardware expansion slot, however this was for device upgrade purposes, not peripherals) and used slightly modified software.
The next versions of Palm used Palm OS 3.1. These included Palm IIIx with 4 Megabytes of memory, Palm IIIe without flash memory or hardware expansion slot (and available for cheaper price), Palm V with 2 Megabytes of memory, and Palm Vx with 8 Megabytes of memory.
Palm VII had wireless connection to some Internet services, but this connection worked only within USA. It used Palm OS 3.2.
Palm IIIc was the first Palm handheld with color screen. It used Palm OS 3.5 which provided extensive tools for writing color applications.
Some of these newer handhelds, for example Palm V, used internal rechargeable batteries. Later this feature became standard for all Palms.
Palm handhelds initially ran on the popular DragonBall processors, a Motorola 68000 derivate. More recent models are using a variation of the widely popular ARM architecture (usually referred to by the Intel Xscale brand name). This is a class of RISC microprocessors that is widely used in mobile devices and embedded systems, and its design was influenced strongly by a popular 1970s/1980s CPU, the MOS Technology 6502.
Palm Computing was spun off into its own company (called Palm Incorporated) in 2000. Handspring later merged with Palm to form palmOne in 2003 when Palm Inc. split into companies based upon selling hardware (palmOne) and the software (PalmSource). In 2005, palmOne acquired the full rights to the Palm name by purchasing the shared rights PalmSource owned and changed names back to Palm again. PalmSource was acquired by Access Software in 2005, which subsequently sold the Palm source code back to Palm, Inc. in December, 2006.
Palm handhelds are beginning to become more and more advanced, including the ability to become hard drives on computers via USB cables, and are beginning to merge with smartphones. The "Treo 700w" is one of the latest offering that combines a Palm handheld with mobile phone, e-mail, SMS, and instant messaging. It is the first Palm device to use Windows Mobile instead of Palm OS. It is widely expected that Palm handhelds as a PDA-only device will disappear as multi-function Palm handhelds like the Treo 650 decline in price. Multi function devices include several different ablities in the same package such as: an MP3 player, a camera, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or several other options. The Treo 650+ series is a multi-functioning series, packing in a camera,MP3,Bluetooth,and a phone.
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